There are many behaviours and ways of treating another individual that may constitute sexual assault, and does not necessarily include aspects of physical contact. Sexual harassment encompasses unwanted non-physical harassment of a sexual nature, sexual assault refers to some form of physical contact that is unwanted, and rape is the non-consensual or forcible coercion of sexual acts. The nature and severity of cases relating to assault or abuse of a sexual nature can vary significantly, but any instance can cause serious physical and psychological harm to a person.
While there are many obvious and blatant instances of sexual assault and rape, there are also more subversive incidents such as date rape or sexual assault of a partner. Often, the person committing these acts knows the individual they are acting against and may even already be an intimate partner. There is significant literature relating to the facts of consent, which must be freely and openly given and can be withdrawn at any time no matter what the relationship or situation between two people. Unfortunately, drugs and alcohol are commonly present in cases of sexual assault and rape, which decreases the capacity of both parties to make decisions and protect themselves.
What Constitutes Sexual Assault & Rape
Many types of behaviour and ways of being treated by another person may qualify as sexual assault, especially if you are made to feel unsafe or uncomfortable as a result of their actions. Non-physical examples of sexual assault include; calling you insulting sexual names, talking about you in a sexual manner, spreading rumours of a sexual nature about you. The non-physical examples of sexual harassment could happen in person, over the phone, or on line. Physical advances are termed sexual assault and include many types of actions including; intentionally grabbing or touching you in a way that you do not like, forcing you to touch them in any fashion, forcibly hugging or kissing you, and other unwanted physical contact. Sexual assault includes any form of sexual or unwanted touching on any part of one’s body, regardless of whether or not that person is clothed.
One of the most important aspects of rape or sexual assault is to understand that these acts are never the fault of the person being attacked or violated. No matter what the situation, a person has the right to give or withhold their consent and to change their decision at any time. When drugs or alcohol are involved, or some other altered state of mind, the ability to give consent is put into question. In these instances, a discussion should be held prior to partaking in any drug or alcohol use, otherwise the two parties involved should not engage in sexual acts.
The Impact of Sexual Assault & Rape
Women are at a more significant risk to being raped and/or sexually assaulted, however men can be effected as well. Approximately 25% of women will experience sexual assault in their lifetime, while 3% of men will be sexually assaulted. There are significant physical and mental health concerns that can arise for individuals who have been raped, sexually assaulted, or sexually harassed. Physical effects include; shock, bodily trauma, infection, back and neck pain, headaches, difficulty using the bathroom, sexual dysfunction, gynaecological problems, and potential for pregnancy. Potential psychological harm includes; depression, anxiety, self-harming, substance misuse, panic attacks, flashbacks, difficulty sleeping or eating, post traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal thoughts. Individuals may experience any combination of these effects, as well as other potential issues related to experiencing sexual harassment, sexual assault, or rape.
Where to Find Help
There are many avenues through which a person can find help if they have experienced sexual harassment, sexual assault, or rape. It is also important that these issues are addressed on a larger, societal level. There are many programs that target schools, universities, and workplaces as a way to deliver important information about what constitutes inappropriate behaviour and how to appropriately give and receive consent. These types of programs and continued involvement and education on behalf of law enforcement, public officials, and health professionals are one important way to continue addressing this serious issue.
If you or your friends or loved ones have been, or are believed to have been, exposed to sexual harassment, assault, or rape it is important to seek assistance. There are many public and private organisations dedicated to addressing these issues and helping people who may have been victimised. Many health professionals are trained to assist and address these issues appropriately, as are all law enforcement professionals. There can be hesitance to report instances of sexual harassment, assault, or rape and therefore there are many organisations that offer support groups and other services without requiring formal reports of the incident. There are many survivor and peer support groups that are open and welcoming, offering a safe environment to address the issues.