Coxell, A. W., & King, M. B. (1996). Male Victims of Rape and Sexual Abuse. Sexual & Marital Therapy, 11(3), 297-308.

This article reviews the sexual assault of adult males. A number of myths concerning the survivors, perpetrators, and plausibility of such assaults are critically examined. Sexual assault prevalence data from 1,480 males is presented. The results from a study of coercion in gay relationships is also included. The problems that males reported after sexual assault are discussed. These problems include: PTSD, sexual problems, difficulties forming close relationships, mistrust of adult men, suicide attempts, confusion about sexual orientation, and various mood disorders. Sexual assault by females (which is comparatively rare) tends to leave men less traumatized than sexual assaults by men because these types of assaults are less likely to involve physical force and because same-sex sexual contact, which is traumatic in itself to heterosexual males, is not involved.

Darves-Bornoz, J. M., Choquet, M., Ledoux, S., Gasquet, I., & Manfredi, R. (1998). Gender Differences in Symptoms of Adolescents Reporting Sexual Assault. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33(3), 111-117.

While the sexual assault of children and adolescents is widely studied, there has been a lack of research examining issues related to male victims. This study reports on a nationwide survey of school-age adolescents in France. In all, 121 boys and 344 girls reported having been sexually assaulted (mean age 15.4 years). Results indicated that girls exhibited more somatic symptoms and mood disorders while boys more frequently demonstrated behavioral symptoms such as running away, suicide attempts, violent outbursts, and substance use.

Hodge, S., & Canter, D. (1998). Victims and Perpetrators of Male Sexual Assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13(2), 222-239.

The authors report two different accounts of male sexual assault in the literature. The first view is that rapes are perpetrated by homosexual offenders. The other view is that rape is predominantly an example of heterosexual violence. This article reports on the results a study constructed to explore both possibilities. Data from 83 male sexual assault victims and 36 investigated police reports was reviewed. Results indicated that homosexual offenders knew their victims for some time and targeted males under the age of 25 years. Heterosexual offenders were more likely to attack strangers of all ages and tended to operate in gangs. Consistent with the literature on the rape of females, the data indicated that the acquaintance rape was less likely to be reported to the police.

Isely, P. J., Busse, W., & Isely, P. (1998). Sexual Assault of Males in Late Adolescence: A Hidden Phenomenon. Professional School Counseling, 2(2), 153-160.

Recently a small body of research has shown that adolescent males, 16 years of age and older, are at risk of sexual assault. The sexual assault of adolescent males, however, has not been thoroughly explored. Much like sexually abused children, these survivors display significant emotional difficulties as a consequence of the sexual assault. An awareness of this type of abuse may assist in the early identification and treatment of this unacknowledged population.

Isely, P. J., & Gehrenbeck-Shim, D. (1997). Sexual Assault of Men in the Community. Journal of Community Psychology, 25(2), 159-166.

This study reports on an attempt to determine the extent of male sexual assault. Agencies that work with sexual assault victims (N = 172) reported contact with 3,635 men who had sought treatment for sexual assault. Most assaults occurred between the ages of 16 and 30 years and a majority of these men experienced symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

King, M., & Woollett, E. (1997). Sexually Assaulted Males: 115 Men Consulting a Counseling Service. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26(6), 579-588.

Data was collected on 115 male sexual assault victims who were seen at least once for face-to-face counseling. Analysis revealed that 69 men were assaulted prior to age 16 years. The average time from assault to obtaining counseling services was 16.4 years. Fifty-one men were assaulted more than once. The perpetrator was known to the victim in the majority of cases. One-hundred respondents were assaulted by one or more men. Of the sample, 88 men did not seek help at the time and only 17 men reported the assault to the police. Victims under the age of 16, who were assaulted, were more likely to report that this was their first sexual experience. Victims under the age of 16 were also more likely to delay contact with counseling and less likely to report to police. Victims assaulted by more than one person were less likely to have experienced the incident as their first sexual experience, more likely to have been assaulted by strangers, and to have suffered physical injuries.

Kuhn, J. A., Arellano, C. M., & Chavez, E. L. (1998). Correlates of Sexual Aassault in Mexican American and White non-Hispanic Adolescent Males. Violence & Victims, 13(1), 11-20.

Psychosocial and emotional variables were assessed for a sample of 1,385 Mexican American and White non-Hispanic adolescent males. Among those sampled, 54 males reported being sexually assaulted one or more times. Adolescent male victims were on average more socially isolated, emotionally distressed, and socially maladjusted (e.g., they exhibited more behaviors such as lying and stealing). These males were also more likely to affiliate with deviant peers and to come from homes with substance use, compared to males who were not reporting sexual assault. Significant differences between Mexican American and White non-Hispanic assault victims were not found.

Stermac, L., Sheridan, P. M., Davidson, A., & Dunn, S. (1996). Sexual Assault of Adult Males. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11(1), 52-64.

This study examines the instance and characteristics of sexual assault against 29 males (aged 18–65 years) who were seen in a crisis unit. The men's personal history, demographic, and assault information were reviewed. Results showed that 86% of the sexual assaults involved male perpetrators, one involved a female perpetrator, and two involved both. Within this sample, 50% of the male-male assaults and both of the female-male assaults involved friends or acquaintances. Most victims were young gay men, many of whom had cognitive or physical disabilities that made them vulnerable; however, only a few of the stranger assaults appeared to be related to antigay violence.

Vearnals, S., & Campbell, T. (2001). Male Victims of Male Sexual Assault: A Review of Psychological Consequences and Treatment. Sexual & Relationship Therapy, 16(3), 279-286.

Recently in the UK, males were incorporated into the definition of rape. Prior to that, it was legally impossible for a male to be a victim of sexual assault. Not only in the UK but worldwide, the issue of male sexual assault is underaddressed. The authors discuss the health consequences of MSA, the lack of research in this area, and they stress the need for appropriate treatment interventions for victims. Further research is urged in this area; especially in the epidemiology of MSA, the emotional, physical and psychological consequences, and the most effective psychological interventions.